{"id":1276,"date":"2018-08-31T09:38:08","date_gmt":"2018-08-31T09:38:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/?p=1276"},"modified":"2018-09-14T02:40:35","modified_gmt":"2018-09-14T02:40:35","slug":"el-nino-of-la-nina-bestuur-stikstof-n-in-die-grond-om-maksimum-mielieopbrengs-maksimum-wins-en-minimum-risiko-te-verseker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/el-nino-of-la-nina-bestuur-stikstof-n-in-die-grond-om-maksimum-mielieopbrengs-maksimum-wins-en-minimum-risiko-te-verseker\/","title":{"rendered":"El Nino of La Nina - bestuur stikstof (N) in die grond om maksimum mielieopbrengs, maksimum wins en minimum risiko te verseker","raw":"El Nino of La Nina - bestuur stikstof (N) in die grond om maksimum mielieopbrengs, maksimum wins en minimum risiko te verseker"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

ENGLISH:\u00a0El Nino or La Nina \u2013 manage nitrogen (N) in the soil to ensure maximum maize yield, maximum profit and minimum risk.<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Dr Erik Adriaanse<\/p><\/div>\n

Die hoeveelheid ontleedbare anorganiese N wat deurlopend gedurende die groeiperiode in die grond moet wees vir maksimale opbrengs verskil nie van El Nino (droog) na La Nina (nat) of gemiddelde re\u00ebnval seisoene nie, hoewel die werklike opbrengs, winsgewendheid, en risiko van mielieproduksie in \u0149 baie groot mate tussen die omstandighede kan verskil.<\/p>\n

Die hoeveelheid N wat deur die gewas opgeneem en benut word verskil egter ook in \u0149 baie groot mate tussen dro\u00eb en nat seisoene. Daarom kan verwag word dat meer stikstof tydens \u0149 nat seisoen toegedien sal word ten einde die hoeveelheid stikstof in die grond deurlopend op \u0149 bepaalde drempel te handhaaf. Na afloop van \u0149 dro\u00eb seisoen kan verwag word dat daar meer N in die grond oor sal wees wat vir die volgende seisoen effektief benut kan word. Deur \u0149 bepaalde N-drempel gedurende elke seisoen te handhaaf sal daar dus in effek oor seisoene volgens verkre\u00eb opbrengs en dus stikstofverwydering uit die grond bemes word.<\/p>\n

Verliese en toksiese effekte van N word egter baie sterk deur \u0149 tekort of oormaat re\u00ebn be\u00efnvloed. Afgesien van grondmetings van N kan die keuse van N-bron en bestuurspraktyke \u0149 belangrike rol speel om hierdie nadelige effekte te bekamp.<\/p>\n

Die El Nino verskynsel gaan ook gepaard met ho\u00eb temperature wat vervlugtigingsverliese van ammoniak vormende N-bronne soos ureum bevorder. Ammoniakverliese kan van oppervlak-toedienings sowel as grond ingewerkte toedienings onstaan wanneer die bogrond uitdroog. Ammoniak naby plantwortels sal onder dro\u00eb omstandighede toksies wees. Urease inhibeerders soos NBPT sal die vervlugtiging en toksisiteit van ureum verminder of vertraag maar nie uitskakel nie. KAN is selfs by ho\u00eb temperature baie min vervlugtigend en in \u0149 baie gekonsentreerde vorm slegs matig toksies. Hiervolgens behoort die bandplasing van ammoniakvormende N-bronne in ho\u00eb konsentrasies met planttyd, maar selfs ook voor planttyd vermy te word.<\/p>\n

Die La Nina verskynsel gaan ook gepaard met ho\u00eb intensiteit van re\u00ebn wat tot die loging van N in goed gedreineerde gronde of tot waterversadigde profiele in swak gedreineerde gronde aanleiding gee. Ureum-N en nitraat-N is ewe loogbaar, maar omdat nitraat-N baie vinniger opgeneem word as ureum-N, loog dit in effek minder. Ammonium-N loog baie min en is ook vinniger opneembaar as ureum-N. KAN sal dus ook minder loog as ureum. Voorplant-toedienings behoort eerder weens die risiko van loging vermy te word en meervoudige naplant-toedienings oorweeg te word.<\/p>\n","protected":false,"raw":"\"\"<\/a>\r\n\r\nENGLISH:\u00a0El Nino or La Nina \u2013 manage nitrogen (N) in the soil to ensure maximum maize yield, maximum profit and minimum risk.<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1270\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"150\"]\"\"<\/a> Dr Erik Adriaanse[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDie hoeveelheid ontleedbare anorganiese N wat deurlopend gedurende die groeiperiode in die grond moet wees vir maksimale opbrengs verskil nie van El Nino (droog) na La Nina (nat) of gemiddelde re\u00ebnval seisoene nie, hoewel die werklike opbrengs, winsgewendheid, en risiko van mielieproduksie in \u0149 baie groot mate tussen die omstandighede kan verskil.\r\n\r\nDie hoeveelheid N wat deur die gewas opgeneem en benut word verskil egter ook in \u0149 baie groot mate tussen dro\u00eb en nat seisoene. Daarom kan verwag word dat meer stikstof tydens \u0149 nat seisoen toegedien sal word ten einde die hoeveelheid stikstof in die grond deurlopend op \u0149 bepaalde drempel te handhaaf. Na afloop van \u0149 dro\u00eb seisoen kan verwag word dat daar meer N in die grond oor sal wees wat vir die volgende seisoen effektief benut kan word. Deur \u0149 bepaalde N-drempel gedurende elke seisoen te handhaaf sal daar dus in effek oor seisoene volgens verkre\u00eb opbrengs en dus stikstofverwydering uit die grond bemes word.\r\n\r\nVerliese en toksiese effekte van N word egter baie sterk deur \u0149 tekort of oormaat re\u00ebn be\u00efnvloed. Afgesien van grondmetings van N kan die keuse van N-bron en bestuurspraktyke \u0149 belangrike rol speel om hierdie nadelige effekte te bekamp.\r\n\r\nDie El Nino verskynsel gaan ook gepaard met ho\u00eb temperature wat vervlugtigingsverliese van ammoniak vormende N-bronne soos ureum bevorder. Ammoniakverliese kan van oppervlak-toedienings sowel as grond ingewerkte toedienings onstaan wanneer die bogrond uitdroog. Ammoniak naby plantwortels sal onder dro\u00eb omstandighede toksies wees. Urease inhibeerders soos NBPT sal die vervlugtiging en toksisiteit van ureum verminder of vertraag maar nie uitskakel nie. KAN is selfs by ho\u00eb temperature baie min vervlugtigend en in \u0149 baie gekonsentreerde vorm slegs matig toksies. Hiervolgens behoort die bandplasing van ammoniakvormende N-bronne in ho\u00eb konsentrasies met planttyd, maar selfs ook voor planttyd vermy te word.\r\n\r\nDie La Nina verskynsel gaan ook gepaard met ho\u00eb intensiteit van re\u00ebn wat tot die loging van N in goed gedreineerde gronde of tot waterversadigde profiele in swak gedreineerde gronde aanleiding gee. Ureum-N en nitraat-N is ewe loogbaar, maar omdat nitraat-N baie vinniger opgeneem word as ureum-N, loog dit in effek minder. Ammonium-N loog baie min en is ook vinniger opneembaar as ureum-N. KAN sal dus ook minder loog as ureum. Voorplant-toedienings behoort eerder weens die risiko van loging vermy te word en meervoudige naplant-toedienings oorweeg te word."},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Dr Erik Adriaanse AFRIKAANS:\u00a0El Nino of La Nina - bestuur stikstof (N) in die grond om maksimum mielieopbrengs, maksimum wins en minimum risiko te verseker The quantity of measurable inorganic N that should be in the soil throughout the growing period for maximum yield does not differ between El Nino (dry) or La Nina (wet) or average rainfall seasons but the actual yield, profitability and risk will differ to a large extent between these conditions. The quantity of N that is taken up and utilized by the crop will also differ largely between dry and wet seasons. For this reason it can be expected that more N will be applied during a wet season to maintain the quantity of N in the soil. It can also be expected that more N will be left over in the soil after a dry season which can effectively be utilized during the next season. The management of a threshold value for N in the soil for every season will effectively result in fertilization according to obtained yield and N removal from the soil over seasons. N-losses and N-toxicity effects will however very strongly be affected by an under or over supply of rain. Apart from soil N-measurements, choice of N-source and N-management practices can effectively be used to reduce these negative effects. El Nino conditions also coincide with high temperatures resulting in volatilization losses from ammonia forming products such as urea. Ammonia losses can result from surface applications as well as soil incorporated applications when the topsoil dries out. Ammonia released in close proximity of plant roots will be toxic under dry conditions. Urease inhibitors such as NBPT will effectively reduce or delay volatilization and toxicity from urea but will not eliminate these effects. Almost no N will volatilize from LAN even at high temperatures. LAN will only be moderately toxic at high concentrations. The band placement of high concentrations ammonia forming N-sources at planting but even before plating should therefore be avoided. La Nina conditions also coincides with heavy downpours over short periods resulting in N-leaching in well drain soils or water logging in poorly drained soils. Urea-N and nitrate-N are equally leachable but due to the fact that nitrate uptake is much quicker it will effectively leach much less than urea. Ammonium-N does not leach significantly and is also taken up much quicker than urea-N. LAN will therefore also leach much less than urea. Due to the possible risk of leaching pre-plant applications should rather be avoided and multiple post-plant topdressings considered. N is not taken up effectively in soils that are waterlogged for prolonged periods. Oxygen is required for N-uptake but also for the nitrification process. Consequently high levels of ammonium-N and nitrite-N, which are toxic, will accumulate. Nitrate-N dissolved in soil water near the soil surface will be converted to atmospheric N through the denitrification process and lost. Vertical or lateral drainage of soils should improve this condition.  ","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":15,"featured_media":1277,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_en_post_content":"\"\"<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1270\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"150\"]\"\"<\/a> Dr Erik Adriaanse[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAFRIKAANS:\u00a0El Nino of La Nina - bestuur stikstof (N) in die grond om maksimum mielieopbrengs, maksimum wins en minimum risiko te verseker<\/strong><\/a>\r\n\r\nThe quantity of measurable inorganic N that should be in the soil throughout the growing period for maximum yield does not differ between El Nino (dry) or La Nina (wet) or average rainfall seasons but the actual yield, profitability and risk will differ to a large extent between these conditions.\r\n\r\nThe quantity of N that is taken up and utilized by the crop will also differ largely between dry and wet seasons. For this reason it can be expected that more N will be applied during a wet season to maintain the quantity of N in the soil. It can also be expected that more N will be left over in the soil after a dry season which can effectively be utilized during the next season. The management of a threshold value for N in the soil for every season will effectively result in fertilization according to obtained yield and N removal from the soil over seasons.\r\n\r\nN-losses and N-toxicity effects will however very strongly be affected by an under or over supply of rain. Apart from soil N-measurements, choice of N-source and N-management practices can effectively be used to reduce these negative effects.\r\n\r\nEl Nino conditions also coincide with high temperatures resulting in volatilization losses from ammonia forming products such as urea. Ammonia losses can result from surface applications as well as soil incorporated applications when the topsoil dries out. Ammonia released in close proximity of plant roots will be toxic under dry conditions. Urease inhibitors such as NBPT will effectively reduce or delay volatilization and toxicity from urea but will not eliminate these effects. Almost no N will volatilize from LAN even at high temperatures. LAN will only be moderately toxic at high concentrations. The band placement of high concentrations ammonia forming N-sources at planting but even before plating should therefore be avoided.\r\n\r\nLa Nina conditions also coincides with heavy downpours over short periods resulting in N-leaching in well drain soils or water logging in poorly drained soils. Urea-N and nitrate-N are equally leachable but due to the fact that nitrate uptake is much quicker it will effectively leach much less than urea. Ammonium-N does not leach significantly and is also taken up much quicker than urea-N. LAN will therefore also leach much less than urea. Due to the possible risk of leaching pre-plant applications should rather be avoided and multiple post-plant topdressings considered.\r\n\r\nN is not taken up effectively in soils that are waterlogged for prolonged periods. Oxygen is required for N-uptake but also for the nitrification process. Consequently high levels of ammonium-N and nitrite-N, which are toxic, will accumulate. Nitrate-N dissolved in soil water near the soil surface will be converted to atmospheric N through the denitrification process and lost. Vertical or lateral drainage of soils should improve this condition.\r\n\r\n ","_en_post_name":"el-nino-or-la-nina-manage-nitrogen-n-in-the-soil-to-ensure-maximum-maize-yield-maximum-profit-and-minimum-risk","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":"El Nino or La Nina \u2013 manage nitrogen (N) in the soil to ensure maximum maize yield, maximum profit and minimum risk.","_af_post_content":"\"\"<\/a>\r\n\r\nENGLISH:\u00a0El Nino or La Nina \u2013 manage nitrogen (N) in the soil to ensure maximum maize yield, maximum profit and minimum risk.<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1270\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"150\"]\"\"<\/a> Dr Erik Adriaanse[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDie hoeveelheid ontleedbare anorganiese N wat deurlopend gedurende die groeiperiode in die grond moet wees vir maksimale opbrengs verskil nie van El Nino (droog) na La Nina (nat) of gemiddelde re\u00ebnval seisoene nie, hoewel die werklike opbrengs, winsgewendheid, en risiko van mielieproduksie in \u0149 baie groot mate tussen die omstandighede kan verskil.\r\n\r\nDie hoeveelheid N wat deur die gewas opgeneem en benut word verskil egter ook in \u0149 baie groot mate tussen dro\u00eb en nat seisoene. Daarom kan verwag word dat meer stikstof tydens \u0149 nat seisoen toegedien sal word ten einde die hoeveelheid stikstof in die grond deurlopend op \u0149 bepaalde drempel te handhaaf. Na afloop van \u0149 dro\u00eb seisoen kan verwag word dat daar meer N in die grond oor sal wees wat vir die volgende seisoen effektief benut kan word. Deur \u0149 bepaalde N-drempel gedurende elke seisoen te handhaaf sal daar dus in effek oor seisoene volgens verkre\u00eb opbrengs en dus stikstofverwydering uit die grond bemes word.\r\n\r\nVerliese en toksiese effekte van N word egter baie sterk deur \u0149 tekort of oormaat re\u00ebn be\u00efnvloed. Afgesien van grondmetings van N kan die keuse van N-bron en bestuurspraktyke \u0149 belangrike rol speel om hierdie nadelige effekte te bekamp.\r\n\r\nDie El Nino verskynsel gaan ook gepaard met ho\u00eb temperature wat vervlugtigingsverliese van ammoniak vormende N-bronne soos ureum bevorder. Ammoniakverliese kan van oppervlak-toedienings sowel as grond ingewerkte toedienings onstaan wanneer die bogrond uitdroog. Ammoniak naby plantwortels sal onder dro\u00eb omstandighede toksies wees. Urease inhibeerders soos NBPT sal die vervlugtiging en toksisiteit van ureum verminder of vertraag maar nie uitskakel nie. KAN is selfs by ho\u00eb temperature baie min vervlugtigend en in \u0149 baie gekonsentreerde vorm slegs matig toksies. Hiervolgens behoort die bandplasing van ammoniakvormende N-bronne in ho\u00eb konsentrasies met planttyd, maar selfs ook voor planttyd vermy te word.\r\n\r\nDie La Nina verskynsel gaan ook gepaard met ho\u00eb intensiteit van re\u00ebn wat tot die loging van N in goed gedreineerde gronde of tot waterversadigde profiele in swak gedreineerde gronde aanleiding gee. Ureum-N en nitraat-N is ewe loogbaar, maar omdat nitraat-N baie vinniger opgeneem word as ureum-N, loog dit in effek minder. Ammonium-N loog baie min en is ook vinniger opneembaar as ureum-N. KAN sal dus ook minder loog as ureum. Voorplant-toedienings behoort eerder weens die risiko van loging vermy te word en meervoudige naplant-toedienings oorweeg te word.","_af_post_name":"el-nino-of-la-nina-bestuur-stikstof-n-in-die-grond-om-maksimum-mielieopbrengs-maksimum-wins-en-minimum-risiko-te-verseker","_af_post_excerpt":"","_af_post_title":"El Nino of La Nina - bestuur stikstof (N) in die grond om maksimum mielieopbrengs, maksimum wins en minimum risiko te verseker","_fr_post_content":"","_fr_post_name":"","_fr_post_excerpt":"","_fr_post_title":"","_pt_post_content":"","_pt_post_name":"","_pt_post_excerpt":"","_pt_post_title":"","edit_language":"af","footnotes":""},"categories":[6,15],"tags":[111,112,100,101,113,102,110,108,97,107,96,103],"class_list":["post-1276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-nitrogen","category-nitrogen-fertilizer-products","tag-el-nino","tag-enso","tag-erik-adriaanse","tag-fg-adriaanse","tag-la-nina","tag-lan","tag-limestone-ammonium-nitrate","tag-n-toxicity","tag-n-volatilization","tag-nitrogen-toxicity","tag-nitrogen-volatilization","tag-urea"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1276"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1326,"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions\/1326"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrispex.co.za\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}