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Stikstofbemesting vir Intensiewe Weidingproduksie

By Nitrogen, Nitrogen Products

English: USE OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN ON INTENSIVE PASTURES Stikstof (N) is die voedingselement wat in die grootste hoeveelhede deur weidingsgewasse uit die grond opgeneem word. Die beskikbaarheid van N en water tesame met temperatuur is gewoonlik die belangrikste faktore wat produktiwiteit van weidings bepaal. Reaksie van weidingsgewasse op toegediende N Die reaksie van weidings op N-bemesting is in verskeie plaaslike en internasionale  navorsingsproewe bestudeer.  In Suid Afrika het die navorsing hoofsaaklik gefokus op die N-behoefte van Raaigrasse, Kikoejoe en Oulandsgras (Eragrostis curvula), terwyl die navorsing op Kropaar, Langswenk en Smutsvinger (Digitaria eriantha) beperk is.  ʼn Tipiese verwantskap tussen N-toedienings en droëmateriaalproduksie vir Kikoejoe word in Figuur 1 aangedui. Toenemende N-peile toon aanvanklik ‘n verwantskap met opbrengs wat amper liniêre is (A), gevolg deur ‘n fase van dalende meer-opbrengs (B) en dan ‘n fase waar hoër N-peile min of geen effek op opbrengs het nie (C). Opbrengs/kg N gedurende fase A is van die tipe weiding, die tempo van beweiding en groeitoestande afhanklik. Die opbrengs/kg N van tropiese weidings is normaalweg hoër as die van gematigde weidings.  Oulandsgras het byvoorbeeld 60 kg/kg N in veldproewe geproduseer terwyl raaigras slegs 25 tot 34 kg/kg N onder besproeiing in dieselfde gebied gelewer het. Die produksie van Meerjarige Raaigras is gemiddeld 23 kg/kg N oor die hele seisoen vir toedienings van 0 – 300 kg N/ha in die Verenigde Koningryk. Die reaksie op N-bemesting vir Meerjarige Raaigras is egter twee tot drie keer hoër in die lente as gedurende ander tye van die jaar. Die reaksie van melkproduksie op toegediende N Die opbrengsreaksie van weidingsgewasse op N-bemesting behoort ideaal gesproke vir ‘n melkboer  in melkproduksie omgeskakel te word. Tipies word een liter melk/kg droëmateriaal of een kg onoplosbare melkbestanddele/15 kg droëmateriaal geproduseer. Die waarde van droëmateriaal is tans nagenoeg R2000/ton in melkboerdery in Suid Afrika. Ongeveer 9 tot 16 kg/melk/kg N bemesting word volgens buitelandse navorsing geproduseer. Hoër syfers in die verband het nie met betekenisvolle verhoging in melkproduksie/koei te doen nie maar wel met die hoeveelheid koeie/ha.  Verskille in reaksie tussen N-bronne Ureum en KAN (kalksteenammoniumnitraat) is die twee belangrikste N-bronne wat op weidings gebruik word terwyl ander soos ammoniumsulfaat in ‘n mindere mate gebruik word. Weidingsgewasse neem beide ammonium-N en nitraat-N op, maar omdat   ammonium (ook die ammonium-N afkomstig van ureum) gewoonlik binne ‘n paar weke na nitraat omgeskakel word, word die meeste N dan ook in die vorm van nitraat-N opgeneem.  Hierdie N-omsetting is egter slegs effektief in goed deurlugte grond wat nie suur is nie by temperature bokant 5°C Effektiwiteitsverskille tussen N-bronne word in ‘n groot mate deur grond en omgewingstoestande beïnvloed. Hierdie verskille hou dikwels verband met verskille in ammoniak vervlugtiging. Navorsing het bewys dat die ammoniakverliese van KAN weglaatbaar min is, ongeag grond en omgewingstoestande.  In teenstelling met KAN kan aansienlike ammoniakverliese met ureum voorkom wat deur die volgende toestande bevorder sal word: Gronde met ‘n pH (H2O) hoër as 6 of waar kalk op die oppervlakte voorkom. Sanderige gronde met lae organiese materiaal inhoud en lae katioonuitruilkapasiteit….

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Eragrostis for Soil Health and Dry Matter Production

By CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE, Nitrogen, Soil Health

In recent years late spring rains and prevailing drought conditions have put many livestock farmers under severe pressure, especially those who have relied on post-harvest crop residues in combination with natural grassland (veld) to carry their stock. Reductions in maize planting and additional losses in dry matter from veld due to drought conditions have resulted significant deficits in fodder flows. In the light of the above, consideration should be given to the establishment of permanent pastures on marginal lands.  This would serve several purposes, including the conservation of the top soil by ensuring permanent ground cover, and also provide a source of early grazing in spring with the additional potential to harvest several cuts of hay during the summer months to ensure a fodder bank for winter. Eragrostis curvula( E. curvula) also known as “Weeping Love Grass” and “Oulandsgras” was one of four grass species that was selected as a result of the international recognition of the importance of grassland productivity and soil conservation, and is one of the most important pasture grasses in South Africa. E. curvula is easy to establish and generally persists longer than many other species. It has been used with great success for grazing, hay production, a lay pasture after pototo and tobacco production and has played an important role in the prevention of soil erosion by stabilisation of road verges and disturbed soil. There are numerous cultivars available in the market some of which include Ermelo, Agpal, Umgeni, PUK E3, PUK E436 and American Leafy. E. curvula is a tufted subtopical grass with an extensive root system which helps build soil structure. It will survive in areas receiving 400 -1000 mm of rainfall per year and can tolerate soil acid saturations in excess of 70%. It typically grows from September through to March as seen in Graph 1: A well managed pasture may yield four cuts per season if the prevailing conditions are condusive to growth while in drier areas one or two cuts may be achieved. E. curvula yield is a function of rainfall, temperature and nitrogen application and may vary due to geographic location ranging from an excess of 12 tons /ha in the northern areas of the Eastern Cape, Midlands and Northern Kwa Zulu Natal and the cooler areas in eastern Mpumalanga, 6-8 tons/ha in the Free State, 8-10 tons/ha in Gauteng and tapering to 4-6 tons/ha in the western regions of the country. Dry matter yields in excess of 14 tons per ha are attainable with a good fertilization program; even with erratic rainfall, reasonable dry matter and protein yields are attainable, as shown in Graphs 2 – 4 below: Application of N determines dry matter production and improves palatability; additionally, adequate potassium (K) is essential to ensure high yields are maintained. E. curvula is an efficient forager of K, it is important to carry out regular soil tests to ensure that soil K-levels are not ‘mined’ in high production pastures which will result in significant losses in production.  Furthermore, when planning N applications take into…

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Dr Neil Miles consulting soil scientist

Dr Neil Miles, consulting soil scientist

Neil Miles is a consulting soil scientist based in Mount Edgecombe. Prior to entering into consultancy, he spent 28 years with the KZN Department of Agriculture, as a research scientist and research manager, followed by 10 years in research and advisory work with the South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI).

Neil played a leading role in the development of both the Cedara Fertilizer Advisory Service and SASRI’s Fertiliser Advisory Service (FAS). His PhD, through the University of Natal, focused on the nutrition of intensive pastures.  Neil’s particular interests are soil health and the nutrition of crops and pastures.

Contact Neil: milesofsoil@gmail.com